GLOSSARY
Key Understandings
Viruses
Bacteria
Helpful Bacteria
Case Study: Harmful Bacteria
Fighting Disease
Tech Connect: Future Vaccines?
Summary:
http://www.nbcpotr11.nelson.com/bio11colprep/Attachments/a_Student_Text/NBCPSB149.pdf
Glossary
Antibiotics: any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Antiseptic: Capable of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents.
Antiviral: inhibiting the growth of viruses - any antiviral drug that is used to treat diseases caused by viruses.
Bacteria: ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizomycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera, various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.
Biological Agent: any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare.
Control: to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate; command.
Disease: a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment.
Disease Prevention: measures taken to prevent diseases.
Disease Transmission: passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group.
Disease Treatment: Administration or application of remedies to a patient or for a disease.
E. Coli: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium.
Flu: a specific variety of influenza, usually named for its point of dissemination or its animal vector
Fungi: any of a diverse group of eukaryotic single-celled or multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow, comprising the mushrooms, molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and yeasts, and classified in the kingdom Fungi.
Fungicides: a substance or agent that destroys or is capable of destroying fungi.
Host: an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter.
Immune System: a diffuse, complex network of interacting cells, cell products, and cell-forming tissues that protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances, destroys infected and malignant cells, and removes cellular debris: the system includes the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymph tissue, stem cells, white blood cells, antibodies, and lymphokines.
Immunization: process by which resistance to disease is acquired or induced in plants and animals.
Infection: invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms.
Infectious Disease: A disease caused by a microorganism or other agent, such as a bacterium, fungus, or virus that enters the body of an organism.
Microorganisms: any organism, such as a bacterium, protozoan, or virus, of microscopic size.
Pathogen: any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: any disease characteristically transmitted by sexual contact, as gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and chlamydia.
Source: A reservoir of an infecting microorganism.
Typhoid Mary: A person likely to cause a disaster; from Mary Mallen, an Irish woman in the United States who was discovered to be a carrier of typhoid fever and passed it on to many people.
Vaccines: any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production.
Virus: Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses are typically not considered living organisms.
Definitions obtained from http://dictionary.reference.com
Viruses
- Viruses are nonliving particles capable of reproducing only in living cells
- A virus consists of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core and a protein coat
- Viruses replicate and produce disease by the lytic cycle; some viruses use a lysogenic cycle as well
- Vaccines can prevent some viral diseases; antibiotics are ineffective in treating viral pathogens
- Influenza is a representative virus
Bacteria
- Eubacteria and archae bacteria are prokaryotes (DNA is not contained in a membrane-bound nucleus), and are different from all other organisms, which are eukaryotes (possessing a true nucleus)
- Bacteria are classified according to cell-wall composition, shape, configuration, respiration, and nutrition
- Bacteria reproduce by binary fission
E. coli is a representative Gram-negative bacterium
Helpful Bacteria
- Bacteria are useful to humans in many ways: as decomposers in the food chain or in pollution control; as probiotic agents within the human body; and as a source of industrial enzymes in the production of consumer goods
Case Study: Harmful Bacteria
- Many bacteria are disease-causing agents; their enzymes or toxins destroy tissues or interfere with normal function
- E. Coli O157:H7 is a drinking-water contaminant and can cause death
Fighting Disease
- The human body provides both external and internal defence against pathogens
- The lymphatic system rids the body of infection with the help of special white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages
- Antibodies are formed in response to antigens; immunity may be either passive or active
- Use of antiseptics and disinfectants reduces human exposure to pathogens
Tech Connect: Future Vaccines?
- Different classes of vaccines, administered in a variety of ways, stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
Summary:
http://www.nbcpotr11.nelson.com/bio11colprep/Attachments/a_Student_Text/NBCPSB149.pdf
Glossary
Antibiotics: any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Antiseptic: Capable of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents.
Antiviral: inhibiting the growth of viruses - any antiviral drug that is used to treat diseases caused by viruses.
Bacteria: ubiquitous one-celled organisms, spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped and appearing singly or in chains, comprising the Schizomycota, a phylum of the kingdom Monera, various species of which are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, or nitrogen fixation.
Biological Agent: any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare.
Control: to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate; command.
Disease: a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment.
Disease Prevention: measures taken to prevent diseases.
Disease Transmission: passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group.
Disease Treatment: Administration or application of remedies to a patient or for a disease.
E. Coli: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium.
Flu: a specific variety of influenza, usually named for its point of dissemination or its animal vector
Fungi: any of a diverse group of eukaryotic single-celled or multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow, comprising the mushrooms, molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and yeasts, and classified in the kingdom Fungi.
Fungicides: a substance or agent that destroys or is capable of destroying fungi.
Host: an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter.
Immune System: a diffuse, complex network of interacting cells, cell products, and cell-forming tissues that protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances, destroys infected and malignant cells, and removes cellular debris: the system includes the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymph tissue, stem cells, white blood cells, antibodies, and lymphokines.
Immunization: process by which resistance to disease is acquired or induced in plants and animals.
Infection: invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms.
Infectious Disease: A disease caused by a microorganism or other agent, such as a bacterium, fungus, or virus that enters the body of an organism.
Microorganisms: any organism, such as a bacterium, protozoan, or virus, of microscopic size.
Pathogen: any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: any disease characteristically transmitted by sexual contact, as gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and chlamydia.
Source: A reservoir of an infecting microorganism.
Typhoid Mary: A person likely to cause a disaster; from Mary Mallen, an Irish woman in the United States who was discovered to be a carrier of typhoid fever and passed it on to many people.
Vaccines: any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production.
Virus: Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses are typically not considered living organisms.
Definitions obtained from http://dictionary.reference.com